Considering the importance of bacterial leaf speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in reducing tomato yield and difficulties in disease control, this study investigated the effects of fractions of shells extract of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Sa) and fruit extract of Caesalpinia ferrea (Cf) compared to Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) on reducing bacterial leaf speck symptoms and on the potentiation of the activities of defense enzymes. The number of lesions per plant (NLP) was significantly lower in plants treated with the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of S. adstringens (Sa) and ASM compared to other treatments (EAF of Cf, n-butanol fractions of Sa and Cf, aqueous fractions of Sa and Cf and sterile distilled water). The bacteria were inhibited by the EAF of Sa and EAF of Cf and n-butanol fractions of Sa and Cf according to the bioautography assay. Saponins and tannins were the two major compounds found in these fractions based on the phytochemical analysis. Peroxidase (POX), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities were determined on the leaves of plants treated with EAF Sa, ASM and sterile distilled water. Both POX and PAL activities were higher at 3 and 6 days after inoculation (dai), while the PPO and GLU activities were higher from 9 to 12 dai. It is suggested that saponins increased tomato resistance to P. s. pv. tomato because no antimicrobial activity against the bacteria was observed. In conclusion, the EAF Sa was very efficient in reducing bacterial leaf speck symptoms in conditions where the POX, PPO, PAL and GLU activities played a pivotal role in increasing tomato resistance to the disease.

Duas escalas diagramáticas foram desenvolvidas para quantificar a severidade da mancha-bacteriana do feijão-caupi, causada pela bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola, em cultivares de feijão-caupi de trifólios com folíolos ovais e lanceolados. Trifólios com diferentes níveis de severidade foram coletados para determinação do limite mínimo e máximo de severidade, sendo níveis intermediários determinados de acordo com a "Lei do Estímulo de Weber-Fechner". Os níveis propostos foram: 0,05; 0,25; 1,00; 3,40; 9,70; e 17,70% para trifólios com folíolos ovais e 0,10; 0,35; 1,10; 3,50; 9,30; e 19,10% para trifólios com folíolos lanceolados. As escalas foram validadas por meio do cálculo da sua acurácia e precisão. Para tanto, realizou-se análises de regressão linear da severidade real com a estimada com e sem o uso das escalas propostas. As estimativas foram feitas por 12 avaliadores sem experiência em quantificar essa doença em 50 trifólios com diferentes níveis de severidade da mancha-bacteriana. Para isso, avaliou-se a acurácia e a precisão dos avaliadores. Com a utilização das escalas diagramáticas, obtiveram-se níveis satisfatórios de acurácia e precisão. Assim, as escalas propostas tornam-se uma ferramenta fácil e de rápida utilização, que podem ser adotadas para auxiliar na avaliação da severidade da mancha-bacteriana do feijão-caupi, em estudos epidemiológicos e seleção de cultivares resistentes a doença.

Two diagrammatic scales were developed to assess the severity of bacterial blight of cowpea, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola in cowpea cultivars with oval and lanceolate leaflets, considering the limits for minimum and maximum severity of the disease, as well as intermediate levels. The levels were determined in accordance with the "Weber-Fechner's Stimulus Responses Law", representing: 0.05; 0.25; 1.00; 3.40; 9.70; and 17.70% for diagrammatic scale with oval leaflets and 0.10; 0.35; 1.10; 3, 50; 9.30; and 19.10% for lanceolate leaflets. The scales were validated by means of their accuracy and precision. To calculate these factors, linear regression analysis of actual disease severity and the estimated ones with and without the use of the scales. Twelve non-experienced evaluators estimated 50 leaflets with different levels of severity bacterial blight. For this, the accuracy and precision of the evaluators was assessed. With the use of diagrammatic scales, there were satisfactory levels of accuracy and precision. Thus, the diagrammatic scales proposed were considered appropriate to assess the severity of bacterial blight of cowpea and can be used in epidemiological studies, to evaluate the reactions of genotypes to the disease.

The objective of this study was to identify fungi and bacteria associated with the post-harvest rot of ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Serrana region of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Rhizomes with symptoms of rot were sampled in the packing-house and in the field soon after harvest. In the packing-house, we report positive pathogenicity tests for Acremonium murorum, Acrostalagmus luteo-albus, Fusarium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Sclerotium rolfsii. For the rhizomes sampled during harvest, the mean incidence of pathogens was as follows: F. oxysporum, 74%; Fusarium sp., 31%; Fusarium solani, 21%; Nigrospora oryzae, 5%; Fusarium semitectum and Nigrospora sphaerica, 6%; Alternaria tenuissima, 4%; Penicillium commune, Verticillium sp.(1) and Verticillium sp.(2), 3%; A. luteo-albus, Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium sp. and Epicoccum sp., 2%; and Curvularia geniculata and Mucor hiemalis, 1%. The mean incidence of bacteria that cause soft rot was as follows: Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae, 4%; and Pseudomonas fluorescens, 1%. The presence of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae indicated probable fecal contamination. This is the first record of ginger rhizome rot caused by P. fluorescens in the world and the first from A. murorum, A. luteo-albus, L. theobromae and E. cloacae subsp. cloacae causing ginger rhizome rot in Brazil.

Face às escassas informações acerca da variabilidade patogênica de isolados brasileiros de Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, realizou-se um estudo para avaliar a especificidade patogênica de trinta e três isolados do patógeno, provenientes de várias regiões do Brasil e do exterior, a oito espécies de brássicas, através de inoculação por meio de injeção da suspensão bacteriana nas folhas. Desse total, 12 isolados foram obtidos de couve-comum (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), nove de repolho (B. oleracea var. capitata), cinco de couve-flor (B. oleracea var. botrytis), dois de canola (B. napus), um de brócolos (B. oleracea var. italica), um de couve-chinesa (B. chinensis), um de couve-rábano (B. oleracea var. gongylodes) e dois de rabanete (Raphanus sativus). A avaliação da patogenicidade dos isolados da bactéria, frente aos hospedeiros em estudo, demonstrou que 14 deles não apresentaram especificidade, originando sintomas em todas as diferentes plantas inoculadas. Os 19 isolados restantes, entretanto, apresentaram relativo grau de especificidade, não causando doença em uma ou mais das plantas inoculadas.

Considering the lack of information in literature about the pathogenic variability of Brazilian isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, a study was carried out to determine the pathogenic specificity of 33 isolates of this bacterium originated from several regions of Brazil and overseas to eight different Brassica species, through inoculation by means of injection of the bacterial suspension in leaves. From these isolates, 12 were obtained from collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), nine from cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata), five from cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis), two from canola (B. napus), one from broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica), one from Chinese cabbage (B. chinensis), one from kohlrabi (B. oleracea var. gongylodes) and two from radish (Raphanus sativus). The pathogenicity of the bacterium isolates to the tested hosts indicated that 14 of them were not specific and originated symptoms on all inoculated plants. The other 19 isolates had showed relative degrees of specificity and did not cause disease in one or more of the tested brassicas.